Keyword search
(Iroquois-specific results
will appear at bottom of
search list):
Note: If this tab has been open in your browser for hours
or days, a new search may bring an access error or unproductive results. When that happens, position the cursor in the
"Enhanced by Google" search box above, then refresh your screen
(F5 on PC, Cmd-R on Apple, 3-button symbol at top right of screen on Android or iphone) and
re-enter your search words.
America's worst theater
disaster took place in Chicago on December 30, 1903. A
stage fire at the city's elegant new playhouse, the Iroquois
Theater, spread to the auditorium and in a half hour killed six
hundred people.
In a "Perfect Storm Blame List," the theater's
ushers and their supervisor,
George Dusenberry,
were easily in the top ten. During the first few days
after the fire, news-hungry reporters gave voice to a dozen
survivors who told of ushers who had refused to unlock doors.
Others in the community joined the discussion to report that
after ushers deserted their posts, they fled the theater and ran
home, as hundreds of theater goers died.
A less one-sided picture emerged during the Coroner's and Grand
Jury inquests but history captured the Demon Usher version
portrayed in newspaper stories immediately after the fire.
On February 12, 1904, six weeks after the Iroquois Theater fire, a detective*
from the state attorneys office testified at the grand jury
trial that twenty-two-year-old Joseph M. Seymour
(b. 1881) had carried twenty
small children from the second-floor balcony (or twenty-two children —
different papers reported different numbers) and died
from trampling when he
went back inside for yet another. Police learned about Joseph's
heroism from his widowed mother, Mary Kline Seymour
(1861–1942), when the prosecutor mistakenly sent them to serve
a subpoena, not knowing that Joseph was deceased.
Joseph was the primary support of his mother and four siblings who were
left destitute after his death. Mary Seymour's fourth
child, Ray Seymour, was reported to have been eight years old
and a lifelong invalid. He was actually twelve years old but did
die four years later at age sixteen, so the reference to his
poor health was probably accurate.
Mary's reported ill health was exaggerated or
temporary — she lived another thirty-nine years. The
family was relieved of some
of their financial troubles by Iroquois Theater manager Will J.
Davis who gave money to help with Joseph's burial costs and to
move to less costly lodging. It is the only story
I've found of
generosity by Davis.
Upon hearing of the family's situation, Grand jurists considered and
rejected the idea of taking up a donation for the family,
fearful it would make them appear less than objective as
jurists.
The Joseph story was reported on page seven of the February 13, 1904
issue of The Inter Ocean newspaper. It was
part of a larger story and transitioned into several
paragraphs about contradictions between testimony
from ushers and audience members and between ushers and other
Iroquois employees as to who opened doors in the
theater.
Testimonial transcripts of the two Iroquois inquests were not preserved so
historians are dependent on two months of newspaper
snippets and stories for clues about usher behavior.
In an effort to see a fuller picture I gathered the
pieces and learned a bit about each of them.
If you're interested, there's an Iroquois usher
roundup page. A simple summary is that some
attempted to help, some snarled at the audience, some ran away,
and some helplessly flapped their arms. No
ushers were identified or charged with being guilty of bad
conduct, but as a group they were condemned by
journalists and politicians, and blamed for
increasing the death count. The blame then
moved to their immediate supervisor,
George Dusenberry, for having failed to
train them adequately, and
kept traveling to the top, to business manager,
Thomas Noonan, and on to Iroquois owner-managers
Will J. Davis and
Harry Powers.
Two of the children saved by Joseph Seymour may have been twelve-year-old
Marjorie Wetmore and her fourteen-year-old cousin.
Marjorie's father, insurance man Ethelbert R.
Wetmore, would later credit their survival to an
unnamed Iroquois usher. It was the only
account published of an usher helping bring people
out of the theater.
One, two, three...
Given chaos at the scene, the specificity about the quantity of Joseph's rescued victims is
suspicious. Joseph's fellow ushers, or a police officer guarding the
front entrance of the theater, could have seen him
bringing out multiple people, but the scene was far
too chaotic for anyone to have had the opportunity
to count the comings and goings of one man.
Newspaper stories were contradictive about
Joseph's final moments of life. Some
reported that his body was still among the
unidentified at the county morgue (see
accompanying image) and others that he died
while on route to the hospital in an ambulance.
Safe to say that
Joseph did not have an opportunity to share his
last words with his mother or first responders.
One possibility is that in the two months that
elapsed before the grand jury trial, Mary Seymour
heard the story from one of Joseph's co-workers at
the Iroquois or even from manager Davis.
Family entitled to feel proud
Despite probable exaggeration in the Seymour
story, Joseph was
one of the ushers at the Iroquois who tried to
do the right thing when the fire started. Whether
he rescued one or twenty, he died while engaged in a selfless and courageous
effort to save others. His body was found at
the county morgue the day after the fire, wearing
his usher's uniform over a shirt labeled with his
late father's initials, carrying a silver watch and
gold chain. He was identified by his teenaged
younger brother, Gordon
E. Seymour (c1886–1929).
In 1903 Joseph, his mother and siblings, Eva, Ida,
Gordon and Ray Seymour, lived at 758 W. Lake St. in
Chicago. With Will J. Davis's help, the
family found a presumably less costly four- or
five-room flat
at 984 West Madison, near the corner of Madison and
Morgan.
In the years after the fire
Gordon Seymour (see below) worked as a musician for Standard Oil
during World War I. Mary and the children remained in
Chicago until at least the 1940s and stayed together
through marriages, divorces and career changes.
Discrepancies & addendum
In 1904 Iroquois references
Mary Seymour was described as widowed from her
husband. He was Marcus "Mark" D. Seymour, who had been
alive in 1900 but I found no evidence of
death 1900 — 1904. In the 1910 U.S. Census, Mary
described herself as married but still used the name
Seymour. She claimed another child, born in 1906.
That may have been the adopted child of Mary's
daughter, Eva, who died that same year. There are many missing and
iffy pieces in the Seymour story. I do not know what
became of Marcus Seymour. I suspect his mother, Mary, may have been a Longnecker at some point. The frequent moves
makes following their trail difficult.
Their longest stay was in Chicago so after 1898
there are bread crumbs for Mary and the children,
but before that, not many. I have come across divorcees in the 1900 and 1910
U.S. Census who claimed to be widowed; such was the
stigma of divorce. Each of Mary's six
children was born in a different state,
suggesting that husband Marcus may have had some difficulty
in finding work.
(In the 1900 U.S. Census the collection worker's
handwritten notation as to his occupation is
illegible but an 1898 city directory reports his
occupation as a "penman," a job title given to a person who drew letters for documents
and logo design. A year
later he worked as an insurance agent.)
Whatever the reason, over a ten year period, the
family relocated every two years.
The surname "Seymour" was attached to three
individuals in connection with the Iroquois Theater
fire. One was Fred "Slim" Seymour, a member of the
stage crew who usually lowered the fire curtain but
had gone home sick the morning of the fire. Another
was A. L. Seymour, who appeared on early victim
lists but not on later lists and for which a death
certificate was not issued. Joseph is the only
verified Seymour fatality from the fire.
Newspapers reported that his brother, Gordon, was
nineteen, but according to the 1900 U.S. Census,
Gordon was born in 1886 and, according to his WWI
draft card, born in 1887, making him seventeen or
eighteen in 1904.
* The two detectives from the States Attorney's
office who went to the Seymour home and spoke with
Mary were Thomas E. McAuliffe and Frank H.
Been.
Iroquois Theater ushers
defamed
Rose Ginsberg feisty
Aurora girl escaped
Polish immigrant
Kwasniewski Iroquois victim
Other discussions you might find interesting
Story 2819
A note about sourcing. When this
project began, I failed to anticipate the day might come when a
more scholarly approach would be called for. When my
mistake was recognized I faced a decision: go back and spend years creating source lists for every page, or go
forward and try to cover more of the people and circumstances
involved in the disaster. Were I twenty years younger, I'd
have gone back, but in recognition that this project will end when I do, I chose to go forward.
These pages will provide enough information, it is hoped, to
provide subsequent researchers with additional information.
I would like to
hear from you if you have additional info about an Iroquois victim, or find an error,
and you're invited to visit the
comments page to share stories and observations about the Iroquois Theater fire.