A special grand jury for the Iroquois Theater fire
case was requested on February 6, 1904, by state
attorney
Charles S. Deneen, it having been concluded that February's regular
grand jury would not have time to hear the case. The
prosecution was given to assistant state attorney
Albert Barnes who had been present throughout the coroner's inquest.
Barnes was to be assisted by assistant state
attorney
Frank P Blair.
Jury selection began on February 8 (see right).
Judge Chytraus' instructions to jury
"It is for you to
investigate and ascertain if life was
lost through any act of criminal
omission or commission. Ascertain the
origin of the fire and inquire if there
was any criminal act or neglect. Bear in
mind that it occurred in a public place
designed to contain great numbers of
invited persons, as from that fact
certain duties arise, not only upon
those in control at the particular time,
but also upon those who created the
conditions, and public officials who
have responsibilities in connection
therewith. Be careful, however, in the
investigation into such conditions and
responsibilities. Indict no one unless
you see and are convinced as to his
criminal responsibility.
Approach your investigation in a judicial frame of
mind and with the utmost fairness and
impartiality. Unless evidence before you
unexplained and uncontradicted would
warrant a conviction by a petit jury you
should not present a true bill. You hear
only the evidence on one side and a true
bill and an indictment amounts to an
accusation which is afterwards to be
tried and determined in one of the
branches of the criminal court. The
accusation is upon your oaths that
sufficient cause exists to call on the
party to answer the accusation.
"It is possible that no one is criminally to blame, and
it is possible that one or more may be.
My mind is entirely open on the
question, and until you have heard the
evidence yours ought to be. It is not
for me, or for any public official, to
say now, nor at this time for any of you
to harbor the belief that in connection
with that occurrence there is any guilt
or any criminal responsibility on the
part of any one. No accused or suspected
person has any right to appear before
you, nor can you compel any such person
to testify. Neither have you any right
to hear witnesses on behalf of one
accused. Let no animosity and no
partisan spirit influence you, nor
should any such feeling be permitted to
exist in your minds.
"Present no one
from envy, hatred or ill will, and leave
no man unrepresented from fear, favor or
affection. In returning of no bills or
of true bills you are responsible to no
one for your acts but to your God and to
your conscience. You will probably have
no time for the consideration of any
other matter than the Iroquois fire. In
general, however, bear in mind that
offenders are prosecuted and punished,
not only to protect the community
against the particular offender, but as
an example or warning as well, to deter
others from offending in the future."
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State attorney Frank P. Blair clarified on March 8,
1904, that mayor Harrison,
fire chief Musham,
Iroquois fireman Sallers and
lamp operator William McMullen,
did not remain under bond, nor had the special grand
jury erred in not filing a "no bill" on them. The
special grand jury's final report would supersede
"blue slip" no bill form filings.
The job of grand jurists was to investigate possible
criminal behavior related to the fire. It was not
bound to indict the individuals held over by the
coroner's jury or
limit its investigation to those same individuals.
There was nothing to prevent them from indicting
mayor Harrison,
even though a judge and the prosecutor had opined in
a public forum that the coroner's jury had
overreached its authority and purpose in its
findings.
Witness testimony began on February 9 following a
tour of the theater. First came police and
firefighters, who described the jam on the steps
leading from the second-floor balcony and told about
rescue work.
Newspapers reported that individuals the jury might
wish to indict could not be questioned by the grand
jury because if they did, they could not then be
prosecuted. That included any likely candidates held
over by the coroner's jury, such as Davis. (That was
apparently inaccurate because the first grand jury both
interviewed and indicted Iroquois treasurer
Thomas Noonan.)
Grand jurors were free to read the extensive
transcripts from the coroner's inquest, including
transcripts from fire attorney
Fulkerson's inquest.
Chicago Police officers testifying
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John Becker
Michael J. Brierty
Joseph B. Buetel
Frank Eastman
Henry Grady
Philip Naughten
August Houseman
Charles Johnson
John H. Keeley
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Charles P. Kenny
John J. Murphy
James J. Phalin
Edward Rohr
John Ryan
Cornelius Scanlan
Thomas J. Stapleton
Phil J. Sullivan
Robert J. Walsh
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Fire fighters testifying
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Edward Buckley
Thomas Hacket
Dennis McSweenie
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Michael Roche
John Campion
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On February 10, surviving theater goers were called,
and on the 11th, Iroquois Theater employees,
including usher supervisor Dusenberry,
engineer
Murray,
electrician John Wiertz, former Iroquois employee, usher Willard Sayles and
lamp operator
Peter O'Day.
Elvira Pinedo described the number of people
standing in the aisles and at the back of ground
floor seats, and Ernest Stern described breaking
open a door in the front lobby.
Emil Von Plachecki described
his harrowing escape through a bathroom skylight. Of
particular importance was testimony from
Sam B. Rogers because
his late wife, Rose, was one of the few victims who
could be connected to a specific seat in the
auditorium. She'd placed her ticket stub in her
purse. Looking ahead to an eventual criminal trial,
prosecutors were desperate for such examples.
"We want more evidence of the manner in which
persons escaped and of the difficulties they
encountered," said assistant state's attorney
Barnes. "Anyone who can give us data of where any of
the victims were seen last in the theater gladly
will be heard."
Coroner Traeger supplied
transcripts of testimony given at the coroner's
inquest, and grand jurors heard testimony from
painting contractor John Galvin baseball players
Charles Dexter and
Frank Houseman.
Fresh from the hospital,
Carrie Anderson was brought to testify but sent away to be told, for the
first time, that her mother had not survived the fire.
February 12 brought conflicting testimony with
multiple theater personnel claiming to have opened
the same door and the same doors as theatergoers
claimed to have opened. My bet is that it was more
about communication problems than prevarication or
the hero posturing suggested by jurors. In modern
times large flip charts or PowerPoint in the
courtroom would make sure everyone in a discussion
is talking about the same door. I've read nothing
about visual aids in the Iroquois courtrooms but
have read reports of courtroom dialogue that
demonstrates attorneys and reporters who lacked
familiarity with the building.
There were signs the jury wanted to keep its options
open regarding supervisor Dusenberry, twice
scheduling and canceling his testimony until they'd
heard from all the ushers.
An attorney for lamp operator William McMullen and
stage carpenter
James Cummings floated an offer of putting their constitutional rights on
hold so they could again volunteer to testify as
they had for the coroner's inquest, but the jury
didn't bite. They instead called James' brother
Roger Cummings to testify, along with his
supervisor, operator of the fire curtain,
Joseph Dougherty.
On February 13, jurors called Arthur Hull to explain
and substantiate his claim, as made to the press and
in a flier he'd had printed for passing out, that
"powerful influences were at work to prevent the
punishment of those responsible." Under questioning
by assistant state attorney Barnes, Hull admitted he
could produce no evidence.
Also testifying on the 13th:
Carl Berry who lost his wife, brother, and sister-in-law,
the
Martin parents who
had lost both their sons at the Iroquois and
James Strong,
whose wife, mother, and niece died on the other side
of a door
he and William McMullen struggled to open until
fireman Roche appeared with an ax,
succeeding in opening the door moments too late.
On Monday, February 15, building inspector
Julius Lenses testified about inspecting Chicago theaters while preparing
the
report building commissioner Williams had submitted to
mayor Harrison that demonstrated every theater in
the city violated ordinances sufficiently to merit
license revocation.
As he spoke, jurors had before them the testimony
given by Williams and Harrison at the coroner's jury
about the report. According to the Chicago
Tribune, either man had the power to revoke theater licenses.
Instead, Harrison had sent it to the city council to
review the ordinances, where it was moved to and
remained in a committee.
Lenses also testified about his visit to the theater
with inspector Loughlin/Laughlin the morning of the
Iroquois premier, November 23, 1903, when Loughlin
performed his final inspection and reported the
building as being "OK." Lenses repeated his
opinion, offered in his coroner's jury testimony,
that the theater was far from complete enough to
have earned that inspection certification.
Also testifying on the 15th were survivors John Haney and
Sidonie Fellman.
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1904 Grand Jury judge Axel Chytraus (1859–1919)
Judge Willard McEwen
was originally expected to hear the trial
but was ill on February 6 so the trial was
assigned to Chytraus. A native of Wermland,
Sweden, Axel came to America as a child in
1869. Admitted to the bar in 1881, he was in
private practice with Charles Deneen prior
to becoming a superior court judge
1898-1910. He also served as appellate court
judge for three of those years. In 1911 he
formed a partnership, Chytraus, Healy &
Frost. His wife, Laura Haugon Chytraus, died
the following year. His 1892 passport
application described him as being 5'8" tall
with an ordinary nose, mouth, and chin,
light-colored hair, high forehead and round
face. It was reported that he died of a
nervous breakdown from overwork. He and
Laura had no children. His estate, valued at
$275,000 (nearly $4 million today), was left
to five brothers-in-law and a sister-law.
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1904 Grand Jurors
The names of forty-five men were drawn by jury
commissioners on Saturday, February 6, 1904.
Fearing prospective jurors would disappear
if they learned of their selection before
receiving warrants, the sheriff's office
sent nearly every deputy and writ server on
staff out at once to inform the prospects
they were to appear on February 8 for
venire. On the morning of the 8th, ten
ignored the warrant, and Chytraus sent out
sheriffs to bring in six more. Of the six,
five were located, none of which were in the
final selection of twenty-three:
John G. Bodenschatz — president, Lemont Limestone Co
James W. Curran manager
Harry R. Eagle — president, H. R. Eagle & Co. grocers
Joe E. Field (1842–1928) — jury foreman, age sixty-one, appointed by
court. Worked for the Children's Home Aid Society▼2 as a their agent in Harvey, IL south of Chicago.
Field lived at 15326 Lexington with offices at 79 Dearborn St. He was one of fifty men
selected on February 6, 1904 to make up the pool from which twenty-three grand jurists
were selected. Of those, Field was then selected as foreman of the grand jury.
He was married to Julia Field (not to be confused with Juliia Field widow of Chicago poet Eugene
Field).
Charles F. Freligh railway conductor
Ernst Heldmaier (1838–1929) — Iowa native
Arthur E. Hull — objected to Heidmaier's placement on
jury, accusing him of having a conflict of interest
because he was a subcontractor of the Fuller
Construction company and had laid cut stones in
front of the Iroquois Theater.
Judge Chytraus stated Heidmaier had
ample opportunity to volunteer that relationship.
Heldmaier offered to step down but
Chyraus said his connection to the theater was not
sufficient to legally require his dismissal.
Prosecutor Barnes and the Chicago
Tribune accepted the situation; the Inter
Ocean▼1 and Arthur Hull were apoplectic, the Inter
Ocean blaming the oversight on state attorney
Deneen being more occupied with his campaign for governor than
his responsibilities as an elected official. In
general, OC threw journalistic objectivity out the
window on the subject of Harrison.
Henry J. Karstens — president , Lafrentz & Karstens Co
James A. Lahey — railway roadmaster
Edward S. Martin — salesman, secretary
Patrick H. McCarthy
John A. McGarry — paving contractor
John S. Monroe — foreman at 500 Washtenaw Ave
Alfred Moore — carpenter
Jacob Morgenthal — clerk
Michael Miniter — manager
Charles A. Nichols — Palatine
Dennis F. O'Neil — president Western Foundry
Richard A. Paddock — president Paddock & Baker Attorneys
Philip Sharkey (1861–1945) — officer in Sharkey & Peck, boiler mfr
accused by Inter Ocean of being too beholden Chicago (a
customer) to be unbiased. Did around $1,000 annually
with the city ($27,000 today.)
Henry Toboarg
Trevor Arnett — auditor, University of Chicago
Oscar Vallin — car builder
George Zuber — cigar manufacturer
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Verdict
On Saturday, February 20, 1904, grand jury #1 voted
to bring multiple counts against Iroquois manager
Davis, treasurer Noonan, and stage carpenter
Cummings for involuntary manslaughter, a misdemeanor, and against
building commissioner Williams and inspector
Laughlin/Loughlin for "palpable omission of duty"
resulting in the deaths of two third-floor theater
occupants. Those were
Viva R. Jackson, who had occupied a seat in the first row of the gallery,
and
Margaret Berry.
Williams was charged with not inspecting the
theater, not directing a subordinate to inspect it,
not having enforced city ordinances, and not having
had corporate council enforce the ordinances.
Iroquois treasurer Thomas Noonan was a grand jury
add-on who had not been held over by the coroner's
jury. It was reported that he was indicted in part
because jurors thought it would be inconsistent to
indict Williams and not Noonan. Noonan had been
instructed by his superior, Davis, to purchase fire
hose for the Iroquois, and Noonan purchased only
fifty feet of hose. The juror's first vote on Noonan
was inconclusive, so his indictment was voted upon a
second time as the last vote.
The penalty for involuntary manslaughter was a
prison sentence of from one year to life, and for
misfeasance, a fine up to $10,000 and possible
removal from office.
Indictments
The jury turned the indictments over to the state's
attorney's office for drafting and recessed until
Tuesday, February 23, 1904, when the indictments
were turned over to judge Chytraus' court ,and
arrest warrants were issued.
A committee of three grand jurors prepared a 12-page
report of their findings, released February 24,
1904, including recommendations and an explanation
as to why the mayor and fire chief were exonerated.
Exonerations
Exonerated were mayor Harrison, fire chief Musham,
lamp operator McMullen and Iroquois fireman Sallers.
Mayor Harrison - the coroner's decision to hold Harrison over for
trial had been based on the presumption that
Harrison let the Iroquois open after he was informed
(by commissioner Williams' report) that Chicago's
theaters were unsafe. The coroner's jury, however,
had not heard all the testimony heard by the grand
jury. Testifying before the grand jury was city
clerk Fred C. Bender, mayoral assistant Edward
Ehrhorn, city collector Edward Lahiff, and deputy
collector J. F. McCarthy describing a conference
with Lahiff, Bender, Ehrhorn, the mayor, and
Williams, subsequent to the filing of Williams'
report, in which Harrison directed that no theater
licenses should be issued without Williams'
verification that the theater met ordinance
requirements. Since Williams had already permitted
licensing of the Iroquois, and the Iroquois was a
brand new structure, inspected and given an okay by
Loughlin/Laughlin, Williams did not himself know the
Iroquois was a fire trap thus had no reason to bring
it up in the conference. If it went down as
described, one of history's most tragic
communication gaps.
Fire chief Musham - his exoneration resulted from the juror's
interpretation of Chicago building ordinances that
Musham's job description included a responsibility
to judge the adequacy of fire apparatus in theaters
but did not require safety inspections. Like the
judgment could be pulled from the air? I kind of like gruff Fred Musham,
but part of the benefit of stationing firemen in the
theaters was to ensure that exactly this type of
information reached the ear of officials charged
with responsibility for protecting the public.
Musham's aloofness aborted that chain of
responsibility, abandoning theater firemen to the
conflicting objectives of theater owners.
Lamp operator William McMullen was
exonerated because jurors felt the lack of fire fighting equipment
was more causal to the massive loss of life than the
cause of the fire outbreak. The jury recognized that McMullen had the option of
refusing to operate the lamp in such unsafe
circumstances but, like fireman Sallers, McMullen was given a
pass because he lacked authority. No mention in the
coroner's inquest or the grand jury report why there
was no indictment of the Mr.
Bluebeard electrical
supervisor
Wlliam Dunn who knew the lamp was too close to the drapery and
failed to resolve the problem.
Iroquois fireman William Sallers was
exonerated because he was never instructed on his
duties or asked for a report on the theater's
conditions. Sallers was a fireman who knew better than
anyone else at the Iroquois what fire could do to
human flesh, and better than anyone else in
Chicago how poorly prepared the Iroquois was for a
fire. His excuse, that he feared he'd be fired if he
spoke out, as he had been at a prior job, is weak.
"Might have to find a new job if I speak out... wife
might get upset...but if I remain quiet, it risks
the lives of two thousand people every time this
theater fills up...let's see, what should I do..."
Gives cowardice and self interest a whole new
meaning.
Punish those at the top, for sure, but folks who
make decisions that cost hundreds of lives shouldn't
be given a pass just because they're at the bottom
of the totem pole. McMullen, Dunn and Sallers ignored
their consciences, and nearly six hundred people died.
Not acceptable.
Grand jury #1's recommendations
The mayor and other city officials were censured for
tossing off responsibility to others and shirking
responsibility, chief Musham for poor management of
theater firemen. The grand jury agreed with the
criticism and recommendations of the coroner's jury
insofar as a need for changes in the inspection
system and the creation of a fire/police board. Fire
chief Musham took their recommendations and, within
thirty days, had created a bureau within the fire
department to specialize in inspections of
structures, elevators, and other ordinance-mandated
activities required of the fire department.
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