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On December 30, 1903 mother and
daughter, Mabel and Libby, attended an
afternoon matinee at Chicago's newest
luxury playhouse, the Iroquois Theater
on Randolph Street. By days end
they'd become victims of America's worst
theater disaster. When a massive
ball of flame was hurled from the stage
into the auditorium by a
backdraft, a ventilation shaft in the
northeast corner of the structure drew
it up into the balconies where six
hundred people could not escape.
Among them were Mable and Libbie Norris.
It is unknown if others of the Norris children also attended the Mr. Bluebeard matinee. Only Mabel perished with her mother.
The seven and a half mile trip from the Norris family home at 5124 Dearborn would have taken twenty to thirty minutes on a streetcar or train.
Mabel
Seventeen-year-old Mabel Amelia Norris (b. 1887)
was one of five children born to Chicago policeman Henry T.
Norris (1846–1934) and Abba Elizabeth "Libby"
Breed Norris (b.1853). Henry emigrated from Ireland as a young
teenager, and Libby was a native of Massachusetts. Note:
Marshall Everette's disaster book reported Mabel's age as twenty, but the 1900 US
Census reported her birth date as February 1887. Based on the census report, she was
two months away from her seventeenth birthday at her death. That said, her name was not
included in lists of Chicago student fatalities which could mean she had already
graduated, or maybe she left school before graduating. If Marshall Everette had interviewed
Henry, he would probably have given Libby and Mabel's deaths more than a line in a list.
Libbie
Libbie Breed Norris was the youngest of five children born to William
E. Breed (1814–1903) and Abigail S. Eastman Breed (1815–1894). Her father,
who had lived in Kansas for several decades, died one month before the Iroquois fire. In
the late 1880s, Libby worked as a grocer at 131 W. Fifty-first St. She played the organ and
was active in the Order of Eastern Star. Before her death, she saw the marriage of at least one
of her children and the birth of a grandson.
Body identifications
After two days of searching, Henry found Libbie's body at Jordan's Mortuary and Mabel's at
Rolston's. At Rolston's, he may have met up with a coworker, Sergeant Dennis Haye, who also
found his son's body at Rolston's.
Libbie and Mabel's double funeral was held on Sunday at St. Andrew's Methodist Episcopal
church on 50th and Wabash* under auspices of the Columbia chapter
of the 210 Order of Eastern Star. Libby was a past matron of the chapter and organist of
Pyramids, Harmony Council No. 179.
Reverend W. H. Holmes and Reverend
Frank Gardner of the Boulevard church conducted the service, attended by
over five hundred friends and family. Interment was reportedly at Mount
Hope, with the bodies transported via a special train from the 47th Street
station.
In the years after the fire
A year after the fire, Henry filed a
$10,000 wrongful death suit for the life of his daughter, Mabel.
In December of 1904, he married a recent divorcee named Lydia Alzina Kane
Pike, who had been a member of the Columbia chapter of the Eastern Star with
Libby. Henry retired from the police force in 1912 or 1913, and they spent
the last twenty years of his life living in Jackson, Mississippi, Bangor,
Michigan, and Buffalo, New York.
A ring recovered from Libbie or Mabel was melted down and used to create a
signet ring that Henry wore for the rest of his life. At his death, it was
passed down to one of his and Libby's sons and on to a grandson and now a
great-grandson.
On January 1, before Libbie's body was identified, a
description of the items found on her body was
published in the newspaper as an aide to relatives
searching for their loved ones. A ring is not
mentioned; perhaps it had yet been connected to
Libbie.
Henry worked for eighteen chief's during his career
Michael C. Hickey
Valorus Seavey
Simon O'Donnell
William J. McGarigle
Austin J. Doyle
Frederick Ebersold
George W. Hubbard
Frederick H. Marsh
Robert W. McClaughry
Michael Brennan
John J. Badenoch
Joseph Kipley
Francis O'Neill
John M. Collins
George M. Shippy
Leroy T. Steward
John McWeeny
James Gleason
Henry's career as a Chicago police officer
When
wed to Elizabeth "Libbie" Breed in 1875, Henry T.
Norris was a twenty-nine-year-old sergeant with the
Pinkerton Detective agency.
1877
Henry began a 35-year career as a Chicago
police officer. During his years on the police force,
he saw eighteen police chiefs come and go, and
thirteen Chicago mayors.
1879
Henry was transferred to the Hinman
station, where he was one of approximately 45
officers.
1880
October — Henry was one of six Chicago police
officers fired because he refused to obey a command
by the Democratic Carter Harrison Sr. administration
to leave his beat to campaign for an election. It is
not known if Henry's disobedience was based on a
dislike of the party or the process. Henry was a Freemason,
an organization that believes in separating one's
politics and religion. Perhaps Henry believed in
keeping politics out of the job. The
Chicago police force that year employed 473 men.
1888 October — Henry chased after and stopped a woman
from committing suicide. The police department numbered 1,624 officers.
December Henry responded to screams and breaking
glass and arrested a man who had jumped through a
parlor window. It turned out to be Louis Schutte who
surprised his sister Hattie. The department made
48,119 arrests that year.
1894
Chicago's 2,277 officers looked out for a population
of nearly 2 million, occupying over 187 square
miles. They arrested 88,323 people, returned 3,865
lost children to their homes, gave temporary lodging
to 133,006 homeless people, serviced 136,615 meals
to the homeless and prisoners, handled 4,927
accidents, 377 burglaries, and 416 dead bodies. They
took reports about 227 defective gas pipes and 377
defective drains, 847 defective hydrants, 1,142
water pipes, 1,073 sewers, 15,471 sidewalks, 29,505
unlighted street lamps, 4,207 broken street lamps,
20,093 nuisances, and dead animals, and 1,131 building
ordinance violations. They extinguished 397 fires
and arrested 146 fugitives for other cities. The
department operated 877 patrol boxes and owned 247
horses, pulling 41 wagons and 6 ambulances.
1897
Henry was a desk sergeant at the 5th precinct
at 144 35th Street. He became one of 400 Republican
police officers fired by Democrat mayor Carter
Harrison Jr. to make jobs available to Democratic
policemen that had been fired during the prior
administration of Republican mayor George Swift.
Harrison's police chief, Joseph Kipley (1846-1904),
wasn't as careful as he might have been in making up
his fire/hire lists. He had to re-hire some and
re-fire some. The rehired firees were officers who
were needed to testify in a heavily publicized trial
about a sausage manufacturer who killed his wife and
disposed of her body in a vat.† The re-fired hirees
were officers that had originally been fired not for
their political allegiances but because they'd been
convicted of graft, drunkenness, brutality, etc.
In the late 1800s, Chicago's newspapers carried many
stories about the city's police officers being
treated as political cattle. In 1887 it must
have been particularly ironic for Henry Norris, an
Irish immigrant, to consider his unemployed status
while reading in the newspaper that the mayor was
favoring Irish police officers.
I did not find indication that he was involved in the
sausage-maker trial, but Henry did reclaim his job,
though seemingly with a demotion from desk sergeant.
1901
A patrolman now, Henry was assigned to the
Stanton Avenue station and was one of a half dozen
officers rescued from a coal gas leak in their
sleeping quarters. Henry was then reassigned to the
10th precinct Hyde Park station at 53rd and Lake
Park Avenue in the 4th district, commanded by James
Madden, 2nd division. See the accompanying map of the
territory covered by the 10th.
1902
Chicago's 3,164 police officers made 70,314
arrests.
1903
In June, Henry became one of the 159 officers who
were injured on the job that year, the particulars
and severity of his injury are unknown. The annual
salary for patrolmen was raised to $1,100 in 1903.
Henry was still assigned to the Hyde Park station, a
building reported to be haunted.
December 30
It is not known what shift Henry
worked or whether he was at the station house or
their home on south Dearborn street when he heard
the Iroquois was on fire. He could have reached the
Iroquois from either place in 20-30 minutes, but no
matter when he got there, it was too late for Libby
and Mabel. He searched the morgues and hospitals for
two days before finding his wife and daughter.
1912
September Henry stopped a runaway horse near the
Ray elementary school. The school was/is in Hyde
Park, so Henry may have remained assigned to the 10th
precinct for the last twelve years of his career.
Occupations of people arrested in Chicago in 1900
24,203 unemployed
14,860 laborers
3556 housekeepers
2554 teamsters
1831 prostitutes
1664 clerks
1336 peddlers
1020 saloonkeepers
990 machinists
985 painters
913 salesmen
863 carpenters
762 porters
709 merchants
643 "other occupations"
610 bartenders
547 tailors
527 waiters
475 railroad employees
452 butchers
438 cooks
415 barbers
407 molders
383 printers
336 hotel keepers
310 blacksmiths
298 plumbers
279 servants
251 newsboys
243 engineers
232 janitors
229 shoemakers
222 steamfitters
217 electricians
216 firemen
214 bricklayers
198 sailors
175 junk dealers
170 boiler makers
163 druggists
157 hostlers
153 cigar makers
151 expressmen
142 watchmen
141 bookkeepers
139 tinsmiths
134 grocers
131 barrel makers
124 students
121 polishers
112 musicians
106 brokers
101 paper hangers
90 each attorneys and milkmen
93 coachmen
92 farmers
88 laundrymen
87 lathers (plastering)
86 roofers
79 cabinet makers
77 iron workers
76 bill collectors
75 each actors, stonecutters and contractors
74 plasters
71 cab drivers
69 boot blacks
68 bookbinders
67 finishers
65 second handlers (used items ?)
62 physicians
61 box makers
60 foremen
56 each gardeners & horse shoers
55 each harness makers and tanners
54 upholsterers
48 messengers
43 manufacturers
39 bill posters
37 stock dealers
36 telegraph operators
35 each carriage makers, restaurant keepers, constables and candy makers
34 each artists, gas fitters, reporters and jewelers
33 each brewers, soldiers and piano makers
32 photographers
31 cornice makers
30 each dentists and teachers
28 each florists and livery keepers
22 each core makers, guards, managers and dress makers
20 each inspectors and lithographers
19 each engravers and packers
18 each poll takers, seamstresses, marble cutters and fishermen
17 each millers, platers and pawnbrokers
16 each brass finishers, pattern makers and errand boys
15 each bridge builders, scavengers, stone masons and glass blowers
14 each train/streetcar conductors, watchmakers, turners and miners
13 each midwives and stenographers
12 each house movers, weavers and locksmiths
11 each architects, wagon makers, sawyers, publishers, rag pickers, curriers, mailmen, detectives and ministers
10 each window glaziers and sewer builders
9 each bridge tenders and undertakers
8 each auctioneers, carvers, coppersmiths and caulkers
7 each bankers, police officers, gilders, milliners, millwrights and furriers
5 each broom makers, opticians, actresses and hackmen
4 each drovers, veterinarians, editors and dyers
3 each draftsmen, wire workers, lamp lighters and gamblers
2 each chemists, trunk makers, runners, silversmiths and custodians
1 each fortune teller, paper carrier, paver, hat maker and jockey
What people were arrested for in Chicago in 1900
34,965
Disorderly conduct
5,170
Larceny
3,842
Assault
1,664
Burglary
1,535
Violation of railway ordinance
1,385
Inmates of gaming house
1,001
Inmates of house of ill fame
918
Robbery
869
Threats
818
Vagrancy
786
Resisting officer
750
Carrying concealed weapon
705
Violation of dog ordinance
663
Malicious mischief
607
Assault with intent to do bodily injury
602
Assault with intent to kill
532
Assault with deadly weapon
422
Inmates of opium den
390
Larceny as bailee
374
Receiving stolen property
331
Keeping house of ill fame
325
Doing business without license
325
Obtaining money under false pretenses
312
Inmates of disorderly house
280
Violation of saloon ordinance
274
Violation of park ordinance
240
Inmates of assignation house
235
Abandonment
213
Keeping gaming house
207
Swindling
187
Embezzlement
163
Accessory to larceny
161
Selling liquor to minors
160
Peddling without license
148
Violation of health ordinance
156
Obstructing street cars
121
Assault with intent to rob
125
Keeping disorderly house
113
Violation of sidewalk ordinance
101
Lounging on street corners
92
Attempt to commit burglary
83
Violation of street ordinance
77
Bastardy
74
Adultery
70
Rape
68
Forgery
67
Obtaining goods under false pretenses
58
Cruelty to animals
51
Assault with intent to rape
50
Representing self as officer
50
Violation of building ordinance
42
Keeping assignation house
41
Mayhem
37
Riot
37
Violation of vehicle ordinance
36
Attempt to commit larceny
36
Selling liquor to drunkards
34
Conspiracy
30
Arson
28
Violation of junk dealers ordinance
21
Murder
20
Fast driving
26
Accessory to robbery
20
Crime against nature
18
Abduction
17
Intimidation
16
Destitute
16
Violation of ordinance concerning bathing
16
Violation of hack ordinance
15
Criminal Carelessness
15
Having burglar's tools
14
Fugitives from justice
13
Accessory to burglary
12
Interfering with office in discharge of duty
11
Violation of express ordinance
9
Kidnapping
8
Accessory to assault
8
Having gaming devices
8
Incest
7
Bigamy
6
Horse stealing
3
Abortion
3
Contempt of court
3
Passing counterfeit money
3
Violation of pawn brokers ordinance
2
Cruelty to children
2
Harboring female under 18 in house of ill fame
2
Illegal voting
2
Manslaughter
2
Violation of porters and runners ordinance
1
Assaulting an officer
1
Violation of begging ordinance
1
Violation of bridge ordinance
Ages of people arrested
Under 10
414
10 - 20
13,228
20 - 30
28,503
30 - 40
15,795
40 - 50
7,947
50 - 60
3,176
60 - 70
1,092
70 - 80
265
60 - 90
6
90+
2
Discrepancies and addendum
* Records show both a St. Andrew's Methodist Episcopal and a
St. Mark's Methodist Episcopal church at 50th and
Wabash.
† Louise Bicknese Luetgert had disappeared in May 1897, and
her husband Adolph Luetgert was accused of her
murder. Adolph was a once-wealthy sausage meatpacker
who lost his fortune when his company, A. L.
Luetgert Sausage, and Packing Company went bankrupt
as a result of a sausage slump following the 1893
Columbian Exposition. To clear the way for his
marriage to a wealthy widow, Adolph killed Louise
and dissolved her bones in a sausage vat. Amid
charges of jury tampering and conflicting forensic
evidence, two trials were conducted, one in 1897 and
one in 1898, resulting in Adolph's conviction and
life prison sentence. The investigation was
labor-intensive due to controversy about whether the
remains found in the vat were human. Until that was
proved during the second trial, there were dozens of
Louise sightings to be investigated. For a fun read
about crime-solving and Chicago courtroom
shenanigans in the late 1890s, read Alchemy of Bones
by Robert Loerzel.
Henrietta and Natalie
Eisendrath
Stagehands at 1903
Iroquois Theater
Eugene Field Chicago
journalist and poet
Other discussions you might find interesting
Story 1190
A note about sourcing. When this
project began, I failed to anticipate the day might come when a
more scholarly approach would be called for. When my
mistake was recognized I faced a decision: go back and spend years creating source lists for every page, or go
forward and try to cover more of the people and circumstances
involved in the disaster. Were I twenty years younger, I'd
have gone back, but in recognition that this project will end when I do, I chose to go forward.
These pages will provide enough information, it is hoped, to
provide subsequent researchers with additional information.
I would like to
hear from you if you have additional info about an Iroquois victim, or find an error,
and you're invited to visit the
comments page to share stories and observations about the Iroquois Theater fire.