Keyword search
(Iroquois-specific results
will appear at bottom of
search list):
Note: If this tab has been open in your browser for hours
or days, a new search may bring an access error or unproductive results. When that happens, position the cursor in the
"Enhanced by Google" search box above, then refresh your screen
(F5 on PC, Cmd-R on Apple, 3-button symbol at top right of screen on Android or iphone) and
re-enter your search words.
Orphaned Frank Thomas was two years old when his
father died in the American Civil War,
thirteen when his mother died from suicide,
by slashing her throat.* Adopted by a well to do
uncle, Ambrose Thomas, Frank enjoyed a
couple decades of normalcy. He worked
as a library messenger and book binder then
at nineteen came west to Chicago with his uncle when Ambrose joined
David Lord to form Lord &
Thomas advertising agency, forerunner of today's
Foote, Cone & Belding (FCB).† Frank
married, had two children, pursued a career
in his uncle's agency and became active in a
philanthropic project. Life probably seemed pretty good.
Holiday theater outing
On December 30, 1903 his young son went to a
fairytale pageant at Chicago's newest luxury theater and did not come home. Eight-year-old‡
Remington Thomas had gone to the theater with a cousin, Millie Overlock, a twenty-four year old visitor from
Saluda, Virginia. She and Remington attended an afternoon matinee at
the Iroquois Theater. Playing was Mr. Bluebeard, imported from Drury Lane Theater in England
and produced in America by theater syndicate founders,
Klaw and Erlanger.
Tragedy
About twelve feet off the stage floor, shortly after the start of the second act, a thin curtain with a frayed edge drifted
too close to an arc lamp stationed on the fly bridge at the south side of the proscenium arch.
(
How that curtain and arc lamp came to be too close to one another.) The fabric caught fire
and flames instantly spread up and across the
top of the curtain to the other side of the stage, leaping up and spreading sideways to adjacent fabric drops.
In moments, thousands of yards of hanging fabric scenery in the loft were engulfed in flame and showering
embers onto the performers and scenery below. That was the first event in America's worst theater disaster. Stage workers tried frantically to lower the fire curtain but a light fixture
attached to the north edge of the proscenium opening first impeded descent then trapped the bottom rail of the fire curtain,
thereby creating a large triangular opening on one side of the
stage. That opening became a wind tunnel for what was to come. As the danger on the stage worsened,
frightened performers, desperate to escape, threw open a large utility door at the back of the stage. With oxygen
on the stage mostly burned, a high proportion of the air on the stage was made up of superheated gasses. The heat
and lingering flames sucked the winter air through the stage door and onto the stage where it explosively ignited the
gasses in the air on the stage and formed a roiling ball of flame. After feeding on the multi-ton wood structure
of the loft, bringing it down to the stage floor in a thunderous crash, the ball of fire shot through the tunnel opening in the
fire curtain and out into the auditorium. There it was instantly drawn up into the balconies by a new oxygen
supply from six opened fire escape exit doors. In seconds the fire devoured the oxygen there, forcing four
hundred or so trapped theater goers to breathe air hotter than the broiler on a kitchen range. So extreme was
the heat that many of their watches recorded the time of their death at 3:50 pm, the moment when their brass watchworks
stopped working. Brass softens at 800°F and melts at 1710°F.
Escapees who had made it out to
fire escapes heard the screaming inside the theater suddenly subside, followed by a collective sigh, then silence.
Frank found and identified his son's body at the
Rolston's funeral home.
Remington Hewitt Thomas
Remington was
a student at the James R. Doolittle elementary
school on 35th street in Chicago, probably in the
third grade. (Two other Iroquois Theater fire
victims who attended the Doolittle school were
Frances Irene Swartz
and Hazel Regensburg.)
Born in 1895 to a pair of Maine
natives — thirty-nine-year-old Frank Henry Thomas
(1861–1928) and thirty-five-year-old Sarah Hewett
Thomas (1865–1959), Remington descended from revolutionary and civil war soldiers.
He had one sibling, a younger brother, five-year-old
Kenneth H. Thomas (1898–1973).
Remington's family lived at 62 Woodland Park in
Chicago (changed in 1908 to 658 Woodland Park).
The family attended the St. Mark's
Episcopal Church and Frank Thomas worked for his
uncle at a successful and historically significant Chicago advertising agency
named Lord & Thomas.** The agency's headquarters was
in the Trude Building just two blocks away from the
Iroquois Theater but it is not known if Frank was in
the office that afternoon. If so he may have been
among the hundreds who raced to the theater upon hearing of
the disaster, frantic to find loved ones. Barred by police from
entering the structure they huddled in bitterly cold
temperatures watching streams of first responders carry
out smoldering bodies.
Millie Overlock
Amelia Overlock (1879–1965), nicknamed Millie, in some newspapers
mistakenly called "Minnie," was born in
Thomaston, Maine. She was the daughter of Katherine "Kate" Rose Hewett
Overlock Kellam (1856–1945) and Anson Overlock
(1853–1882). In 1899, widowed, Kate married a
Virginia pharmacist, Dr. Stewart Kellam (1845–1907). Kate was the sister of
Remington's mother, Sarah Hewett Thomas.
Triage was simple
The living were taken to hospitals in
carriages or wagons, anything that rolled.
Those maybe living were taken into Thompson's diner adjacent to the theater
where physicians attempted to revive or add to the
piles of dead. Obviously deceased, were laid in rows on the sidewalk
awaiting wagon transport to whichever funeral home
around the city was not yet overly full. If
first responders were mistaken, death from exposure while lying on the
sidewalk in temperatures below zero was a real
possibility. One such fellow regained consciousness to
find himself in a wagon, surrounded by corpses, on route to a morgue.
Remington's
burial location is not yet known but might have been
Mt. Hope cemetery in Worth township of Cook County,
Illinois, southwest of Chicago, where his father was interred
twenty-five years later, as well as a few other of
the Thomas family.
In the years after the fire
Frank and Sarah had a third child
five years after Remington's death — Elizabeth Hewett Thomas (1908–1960).
Remington's younger brother, Kenneth, served in the
army during World War I, married, went into
advertising for a while, then insurance, moved to Florida and seems
to have escaped horrific
tragedy. His son, Dr. Kenneth Eastman Thomas (1934–2002),
earned a bronze star for three years of service in
the military.
Millie moved in with her mother, who by 1920 was widowed
and working as an upholstery tailor for a furniture store. (Kate may also have done
contract work for her uncle, Abner Crossman who, in addition to being a
gifted illustrator, operated a decorating company in Chicago
that would have involved drapery and upholstered furniture.)
By 1930 and until 1940, both Millie and Kate lived with
Abner and Marietta Crossman next to the late
Remington's widowed mother, Sarah Thomas, and
unmarried sister, Elizabeth Thomas, on
Woodland Park. Millie then described herself
as a widow but her ex husband outlived her by two
years and eventually remarried.
By 1950 both Kate and Millie were deceased.
Remington's mother, Sarah Thomas, outlived her
husband, all four siblings, and two of her children.
Frank Thomas endured many sorrows in his life but left behind a legacy.
Remington's father, Frank H. Thomas, might have cited his hallmark non-business
achievement as dearer to his heart than advertising. He earned a place
in Chicago history by committing to building a fledgling community organization
named Juniors, begun in 1898 by "Brother" John McMurray, into a neighborhood
youth center. The
Off the Street Club is still in operation today,
serving 3,000 kids in a tough neighborhood.
Initially involved to please his aunt Marietta
Thomas Crossman, Frank went on to serve for many
years as president and primary fund raiser, muscling
his contacts in the Chicago advertising community to
put OTSC on the top of their philanthropic list.
(Description of Off the Street Club's
1910 events.)
After his son's death, Frank Thomas funded the club's
Remington Thomas Library at its Van Buren Street
location. The club has since moved a couple of
times and found a home in the West Garfield Park
area. The books from the Remington library are
surely long gone and it's likely few in today's OTSC
family know the role played by a man who was himself
orphaned and who lost his boy to a tragic death.
On Thanksgiving Day two years after the fire,
Millie Overlock married a divorcee, sign painter James Manson Batchelder
(1883–1967) of Baltimore, but left him two years
later when he was arrested for mail order fraud.
Discrepancies and addendum
* According to a Thomaston, Maine history and other military records, James H.
Thomas (1836–1862) was a private in the Union Army,
14th Maine volunteer infantry, 4th regiment of
Company E., and died in a Virginia hospital.
Twelve years after his father's wartime death, Frank's mother, Adelaide Jackson Thomas
(c.1840–1874), committed suicide,
reportedly slashing her throat three
times with a pocket knife while suffering from delirium.
† Lord & Thomas was the foundation for one of the
world's largest and best known advertising agencies,
Foote, Cone & Belding
(FCB). The company was founded by David Lord and
reorganized in 1881 when Ambrose Leach Thomas
(1851–1906) became a partner. Remington's father,
Frank Henry Thomas, began working in the agency's
bookkeeping department at age nineteen. Frank was
Ambrose Thomas's nephew, adopted when orphaned by
the early deaths of his parents.
During his first decade at Lord & Thomas, Frank
worked in finance under David Lord and in 1889–1890 spent a year
managing the New York office. In 1903 he was back in
the Chicago office but it is not known whether he
continued working in accounting or if that is when
he shifted to sales. Whatever department he was in, Frank may have been outshined
by a shooting star: legendary copywriter, Albert D. Lasker (1880–1952).
Lasker won client loyalty and
agency billings by going beyond the limited role of
brokering space in newspapers and magazines to also
producing sales-generating ad copy for his clients.
It was a revolutionary concept at
the time and helped transform the ad agency business into one of
marketing.
It is not known whether Frank Thomas, twenty years
older than Lasker, was ever a contender for a top spot at
Lord & Thomas. His return to
Chicago after only a year in New York suggests
he was not. Though he would eventually work in
sales, he was then an accounting guy. Still, as Ambrose
Thomas's adoptive son,
he may have had a shot. If so, he lost it two months after the
Iroquois fire. While Frank and Sarah Thomas coped with the
death of their son, Ambrose Thomas persuaded his
partner, David Lord, agency founder, to retire, then
gave Lasker a partnership. For nephew Frank the
timing was poor but Ambrose didn't have
much choice. Lasker threatened to set up his own shop — taking with
him the firm's largest clients. Whatever Ambrose had
in mind for Frank, he may have taken it to the grave.
In 1906 he died of heart failure while shopping at the Carsen
Pirie Scott department store. By 1912 Lasker owned 100
percent of the firm and Frank Thomas had left the
agency to work as the head of west coast advertising for
Comfort Magazine, based out of Chicago.
He would later add Lane's List publications to his
offerings, including Golden Moments,
Illustrated Family Herald, National Farmer,
People's Literary Companion and Sunshine
for Youth.
‡ For 110+ years many Iroquois victim lists propagated incorrect
information that Remington
Hewitt Thomas (in some records reported as Hewitt
Remington Thomas) was a teenager when he died at the Iroquois Theater.
An inaccurate AP story told of his having heroically
carried his adult female cousin to an exit. An eight-year-old
child didn't carry a twenty-four-year-old woman.
† Ambrose Thomas and his brother-in-law, Abner
Crossman (married to Marietta Thomas Crossman) owned
adjacent properties on Woodland Park in Chicago, and
Frank and his family rented a home there as well.
Thomas Thomas Thomas
The victim's last name was Thomas, his
father's employer/uncle was named Thomas, his
mother's middle name was Thomas, his grandfather's
first name was Thomas, his grandmother's last name
was Thomas, his grandparents lived for many years in
Thomaston, Maine and his cousin's middle name was
Thomas. If you're not Thomased out, read about
Remington's great grandfather, William Hewett,
who fought in the American Revolutionary war, or
about Remington's father and great uncle,
Frank and Ambrose Thomas.
Henrietta and Natalie
Eisendrath
Stagehands at 1903
Iroquois Theater
Eugene Field Chicago
journalist and poet
Other discussions you might find interesting
Story 2836
A note about sourcing. When this
project began, I failed to anticipate the day might come when a
more scholarly approach would be called for. When my
mistake was recognized I faced a decision: go back and spend years creating source lists for every page, or go
forward and try to cover more of the people and circumstances
involved in the disaster. Were I twenty years younger, I'd
have gone back, but in recognition that this project will end when I do, I chose to go forward.
These pages will provide enough information, it is hoped, to
provide subsequent researchers with additional information.
I would like to
hear from you if you have additional info about an Iroquois victim, or find an error,
and you're invited to visit the
comments page to share stories and observations about the Iroquois Theater fire.